Author Archives: Carl Menning

Low temperature NOx storage on zeolite supported Pd for low temperature diesel engine emission control

2018 Spring Symposium

L. Man­taroşie1, H.Y. Chen2, J. Col­lier1, D. Liu2, D. Duran-Mar­tin1, V. Novak1, R. R. Rajaram1 and D. Thompsett1
1John­son Matthey Tech­nol­o­gy Cen­tre, Son­ning Com­mon, Read­ing, RG4 9NH, UK
2John­son Matthey Inc., Emis­sion Con­trol Tech­nol­o­gy, Wayne, PA 19087, USA

Abstract — Recent leg­is­la­tion require­ments have turned con­trol­ling NOx emis­sions into one of the biggest tech­ni­cal chal­lenges fac­ing car man­u­fac­tur­ers [1]. At present, the main tech­nolo­gies avail­able for this appli­ca­tion are NO x stor­age and reduc­tion (NSR) or urea based selec­tive cat­alyt­ic reduc­tion (SCR) [2,3]. Both tech­nolo­gies can achieve high NO x reduc­tion effi­cien­cies once they reach their oper­at­ing tem­per­a­ture (typ­i­cal­ly 200°C or high­er). Dur­ing cold start, when the exhaust tem­per­a­ture is below 200°C, both sys­tems are less effi­cient at NOx removal.

To meet the NOx emis­sion stan­dards dur­ing the cold start (200°C) a new con­cept has been intro­duced: pas­sive NOx adsor­bers (PNA) [4]. These are mate­ri­als which store NOx (main­ly as NO) at low tem­per­a­tures and then ther­mal­ly release the stored NOx once the down­stream NOx reduc­tion cat­a­lyst (NSR or SCR) reach­es its oper­at­ing tem­per­a­ture.

This con­tri­bu­tion will report the remark­able abil­i­ty of zeo­lite sup­port­ed Pd to store NO with very high trap­ping effi­cien­cy at tem­per­a­tures below 200°C and con­di­tions that sim­u­late real exhaust from diesel engines. The study will focus on the char­ac­ter­i­za­tion of the Pd stor­age sites on zeo­lites com­pared to oxide sup­ports and under­stand­ing unique nature of the active species in these mate­ri­als. The prop­er­ties of pal­la­di­um sup­port­ed on three dif­fer­ent zeo­lites of var­i­ous pore sizes (CHA, MFI and BETA) will be com­pared to clas­si­cal oxid­ic sup­ports (Al2O3 and CeO2).

Also, with the aim of pro­vid­ing insight into the behav­iour of these mate­ri­als dur­ing engine oper­a­tion, the evo­lu­tion of the NO stor­age sites under var­i­ous gas feed com­po­si­tions has been probed through com­bined “operan­do” IR and XAS exper­i­ments. The find­ings of these study will be dis­cussed in rela­tion to the real­is­tic oper­a­tion of the nov­el PNA tech­nol­o­gy.

Ref­er­ences:
[1] L. Yang, V. Fran­co, A. Campestri­ni, J. Ger­man, P. Mock, ICCT report on NOX con­trol tech­nolo­gies for Euro 6 Diesel pas­sen­ger cars, 2015
[2] W.S. Epling, L.E. Camp­bell, A. Yez­erets, N.W. Cur­ri­er, J. E. Parks II, Catal­y­sis Reviews, 163 (2004) 46.
[3] I. Nova, E. Tron­coni (Eds.) Urea-SCR Tech­nol­o­gy for deNOx After Treat­ment of Diesel Exhausts, Springer New York, 2014.
[4] E. Melville, R.J. Bris­ley, O. Keane, P.R. Phillips, and E.H. Mountstevens, US patent 8, 105, 559, 2007

Influence of Confining Environment Polarity on Ethanol Dehydration Catalysis by Lewis Acid Zeolites

2018 Spring Symposium

Jason S. Bates and Raja­mani Gounder, Charles D. David­son School of Chem­i­cal Engi­neer­ing, Pur­due Uni­ver­si­ty, West Lafayette, IN

Abstract — The dif­fer­ent reac­tiv­i­ty of Lewis acid sites (M) in zeo­lite frame­works, when con­fined with­in non-polar (hydropho­bic) or polar (hydrophilic) sec­ondary envi­ron­ments, can arise from dif­fer­ences in com­pet­i­tive inhi­bi­tion by sol­vents,1 sol­vent-medi­at­ed mech­a­nisms,2 and extend­ed sol­vent struc­tures.3 Frame­work Lewis acid cen­ters also adopt open ((HO)-M-(OSi≡)3) and closed (M-(OSi≡)4) con­fig­u­ra­tions that show dif­fer­ent reac­tiv­i­ty for Baey­er-Vil­liger oxi­da­tion,4 glu­cose iso­mer­iza­tion,3 and aldol con­den­sa­tion.5 Here, we inter­ro­gate the reac­tiv­i­ty of Sn cen­ters iso­lat­ed with­in Beta zeo­lites using bimol­e­c­u­lar ethanol dehy­dra­tion to diethyl ether (404 K). Sn sites in open and closed con­fig­u­ra­tions, quan­ti­fied from IR spec­tra of adsorbed CD3CN before and after reac­tion, con­vert to struc­tural­ly sim­i­lar inter­me­di­ates dur­ing ethanol dehy­dra­tion catal­y­sis (404 K) and revert to their ini­tial con­fig­u­ra­tions after regen­er­a­tive oxi­da­tion treat­ments (21% O2, 803 K). Dehy­dra­tion rates (404 K, 0.5–35 kPa C2H5OH, 0.1–50 kPa H2O) mea­sured on ten low-defect (Sn-Beta-F) and high-defect (Sn-Beta-OH) zeo­lites were described by a rate equa­tion derived from mech­a­nisms iden­ti­fied by DFT cal­cu­la­tions,6 and sim­pli­fied using micro­ki­net­ic mod­el­ing to iden­ti­fy kinet­i­cal­ly-rel­e­vant path­ways and inter­me­di­ates. Polar hydrox­yl defect groups locat­ed in con­fin­ing envi­ron­ments pref­er­en­tial­ly sta­bi­lize reac­tive (ethanol-ethanol) and inhibito­ry (ethanol-water) dimer­ic inter­me­di­ates over monomer­ic ethanol inter­me­di­ates. As a result, equi­lib­ri­um con­stants (404 K) for ethanol-water and ethanol-ethanol dimer for­ma­tion are 3–4× high­er on Sn-Beta-OH than on Sn-Beta-F, con­sis­tent with
insights from sin­gle-com­po­nent and two-com­po­nent adsorp­tion mea­sure­ments. Intrin­sic dehy­dra­tion rate con­stants (404 K) were iden­ti­cal among Sn-Beta-OH and Sn-Beta-F zeo­lites; thus, mea­sured dif­fer­ences in dehy­dra­tion turnover rates sole­ly reflect dif­fer­ences in preva­lent sur­face cov­er­ages of inhibito­ry and reac­tive dimer­ic inter­me­di­ates at active Sn sites. The con­fine­ment of Lewis acidic bind­ing sites with­in sec­ondary envi­ron­ments of dif­fer­ent defect den­si­ty con­fers the abil­i­ty to dis­crim­i­nate sur­face inter­me­di­ates on the basis of polar­i­ty, pro­vid­ing a design strat­e­gy to accel­er­ate turnover rates and sup­press inhi­bi­tion by water.

Ref­er­ences:
[1] Con­rad, S.; Wolf, P.; Müller, P.; Orsted, H., Her­mans, I. Chem­CatChem. 2017, 9, 175–182.
[2] Li, G.; Pid­ko, E.A.; Hensen, E.J.M. Catal. Sci. Tech­nol. 2014, 4, 2241–2250.
[3] Har­ris, J.W.; Cor­don, M.J.; Di Iorio, J.R.; Vega-Vila, J.C.; Ribeiro, F.H.; Gounder, R. J. Catal.
2016, 335, 141–154.
[4] Boronat, M.; Con­cep­ción, P.; Cor­ma, A.; Renz, M.; Valen­cia, S. J. Catal. 2005, 234, 111–118.
[5] Lewis, J.D.; Ha, M.; Luo, H.; Fauch­er, A.; Michaelis, V.K.; Román-Leshkov, Y. ACS Catal. 2018,
3076–3086.
[6] Bukows­ki, B.C.; Bates, J.S.; Gounder, R.; Gree­ley, J. J. Catal. 2018, under review.

Fabrication of Nano-Structured Catalyst Supports by ALD

2018 Spring Symposium

Ray­mond J. GorteChem­i­cal & Bio­mol­e­c­u­lar Engi­neer­ing, Uni­ver­si­ty of Penn­syl­va­nia, Philadel­phia, PA

Abstract — Inter­ac­tions between a tran­si­tion-met­al cat­a­lyst and its sup­port can strong­ly alter the sta­bil­i­ty and activ­i­ty of the cat­a­lyst. Impor­tant exam­ples include sup­port effects with ceria and the so-called “Intel­li­gent Cat­a­lysts” in which the met­al can be redis­persed by reversible ex-solu­tion from a per­ovskite lat­tice. How­ev­er, the sur­face areas of these func­tion­al sup­ports are often too low or unsta­ble; and, in the case of per­ovskites, the length scales for ingress and egress may be too long to take advan­tage of the effect. We are address­ing these issues by deposit­ing very thin films of var­i­ous func­tion­al oxides, ~0.5 to 2 nm thick, onto high-sur­face-area sup­ports, includ­ing Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 , by Atom­ic Lay­er Depo­si­tion. We have demon­strat­ed that a wide range of oxides can be deposit­ed as dense, uni­form, con­for­mal films on var­i­ous sup­ports. The films exhib­it sur­pris­ing­ly good ther­mal sta­bil­i­ty and pro­vide cat­alyt­ic prop­er­ties sim­i­lar to that observed with bulk oxides, but with high­er sur­face areas.

2018 Spring Symposium

8:00 AMReg­is­tra­tion / Break­fast
8:55 AMOpen­ing Remarks
9:00 AMFab­ri­ca­tion of Nano-Struc­tured Cat­a­lyst Sup­ports by ALD
Prof. Ray­mond J. Gorte, Uni­ver­si­ty of Penn­syl­va­nia
Abstract »
9:40 AMInflu­ence of Con­fin­ing Envi­ron­ment Polar­i­ty on Ethanol Dehy­dra­tion Catal­y­sis by Lewis Acid Zeo­lites
Prof. Raja­mani Gounder, Pur­due Uni­ver­si­ty
Abstract »
10:20 AMCof­fee Break
10:40 AMLow tem­per­a­ture NOx stor­age on zeo­lite sup­port­ed Pd for low tem­per­a­ture diesel engine emis­sion con­trol
Dr. Loredana Man­taroşie, John­son Matthey Tech­nol­o­gy Cen­tre
Abstract »
11:20 AMMech­a­nisms, active inter­me­di­ates, and descrip­tors for epox­i­da­tion rates and selec­tiv­i­ties on dis­persed ear­ly tran­si­tion met­als
Prof. David Fla­her­ty, Uni­ver­si­ty of Illi­nois, Urbana-Cham­paign
Abstract »
12:00 PMLunch
1:10 PMCom­mer­cial Per­spec­tive of Alter­na­tive Routes to Acrylic Acid Monomer
Dr. Jin­suo Xu, Dow Chem­i­cal Com­pa­ny
Abstract »
1:50 PMTun­ing the Elec­tro­cat­alyt­ic Oxy­gen Reduc­tion Reac­tion Activ­i­ty of PtCo Nanocrys­tals by Cobalt Con­cen­tra­tion and Phase Trans­for­ma­tion Meth­ods
Jen­nifer D. Lee, Uni­ver­si­ty of Penn­syl­va­nia (Recip­i­ent of the T.A. Koch Grad­u­ate Stu­dent Trav­el Award)
Abstract »
2:30 PM Award Announce­ment
2:40 PMCof­fee Break
2:55 PMSelec­tive Cat­alyt­ic Oxi­da­tion of Alco­hols over Sup­port­ed Met­al Nanopar­ti­cles and Atom­i­cal­ly-Dis­persed Met­al Cations
Prof. Robert J. Davis, Uni­ver­si­ty of Vir­ginia
Abstract »
3:35 PMUsing Water as a Co-cat­a­lyst in Het­ero­ge­neous Catal­y­sis to Improve Activ­i­ty and Selec­tiv­i­ty
Prof. Lars C. Grabow, Uni­ver­si­ty of Hous­ton
Abstract »
4:15 PMRenew­able Iso­prene By Sequen­tial Hydro­gena­tion of Ita­con­ic Acid and Dehy­dra-Decy­cliza­tion of 3-Methyl-Tetrahy­dro­fu­ran
Dr. Omar Abdel­rah­man, Uni­ver­si­ty of Min­neso­ta
Abstract »
4:55 PMClos­ing Remarks
5:00 PMCon­fer­ence Adjourns
Down­load sym­po­sium pro­gram »

Spectroscopic Technique Development for Understanding Solvent Effects in Liquid Phase Reactions

Meeting Program — April 2018

Nicholas Gould — Stu­dent Speak­er

Advi­sor: Bingjun Xu
Depart­ment of Chem­i­cal and Bio­mol­e­c­u­lar Engi­neer­ing
Uni­ver­si­ty of Delaware
 

Abstract — Bio­mass con­ver­sion reac­tions are fre­quent­ly con­duct­ed in a sol­vent, due to the high­ly oxy­genat­ed nature of the feed­stock.1,2 Thus, het­ero­ge­neous cat­alyt­ic active sites exist at a sol­id-liq­uid inter­face, where the sol­vent can mod­i­fy sur­face and adsor­bate ener­get­ics. Even when the sol­vent does not play a direct role in the reac­tion mech­a­nism, it can sta­bi­lize or desta­bi­lize adsor­bates, inter­me­di­ates, and tran­si­tion states, often lead­ing to marked­ly dif­fer­ent rates and selec­tiv­i­ties between sol­vent choic­es.3–5 How­ev­er, sol­vent effects are poor­ly under­stood because cat­a­lyst char­ac­ter­i­za­tion tech­niques, such as probe mol­e­cule adsorp­tion in FTIR, are most often con­duct­ed under vac­u­um or in vapor phase.6,7 Fur­ther, most stud­ies on sol­vent effects focus on screen­ing sol­vents via cat­alyt­ic activ­i­ty test­ing, where mul­ti­ple fac­tors that can influ­ence reac­tiv­i­ty exist simul­ta­ne­ous­ly: com­pet­i­tive adsorp­tion, sta­bi­liza­tion of reac­tants and tran­si­tion states, and phase equi­lib­ria dif­fer­ences. Thus, there is cur­rent­ly a need for exper­i­men­tal tech­niques capa­ble of extract­ing fun­da­men­tal ther­mo­dy­nam­ic prop­er­ties of sol­vents in sim­ple sys­tems, with the end goal of decou­pling the effects of sol­vent in cat­alyt­ic activ­i­ty tests.8

Atten­u­at­ed total reflec­tion (ATR) fouri­er trans­form infrared spec­troscopy (FTIR) was used to char­ac­ter­ize zeo­lites with probe mol­e­cules in the pres­ence of sol­vent. The ATR-FTIR was fur­ther devel­oped into a quan­ti­ta­tive tech­nique, with a pro­ce­dure for deter­min­ing extinc­tion coef­fi­cients for adsorbed pyri­dine on zeo­lites in the pres­ence of sol­vent.9 This allowed for quan­ti­ta­tive com­par­isons of the effect of sol­vent on probe mol­e­cule uptake and pro­to­na­tion in zeo­lite pores. Ongo­ing appli­ca­tions of the ATR-FTIR cell include adsorp­tion isotherms, dif­fu­sion mea­sure­ments, and tem­per­a­ture pro­grammed des­orp­tion (TPD) in porous mate­ri­als in liq­uid phase. Fur­ther, the effect of sol­vent on charge sta­bi­liza­tion in zeo­lite pores was stud­ied using a home­made TPD set up under back pres­sur­ized, flow­ing sol­vent. Pre­lim­i­nary pyri­dine des­orp­tion tem­per­a­tures from an H/ZSM-5 sam­ple reveal that the abil­i­ty of a sol­vent to sta­bi­lize pyri­dini­um ions decreas­es in the order: water > ace­toni­trile > alka­ne ≈ vac­u­um.

Ref­er­ences:

  1. G. W. Huber, S. Ibor­ra and A. Cor­ma, Chem. Rev., 2006, 106, 4044–4098.
  2. D. M. Alon­so, S. G. Wettstein and J. A. Dumesic, Green Chem., 2013, 15, 584–595.
  3. M. A. Mellmer, C. Sen­er, J. M. R. Gal­lo, J. S. Luter­bach­er, D. M. Alon­so and J. A. Dumesic, Angew. Chemie — Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 11872–11875.
  4. P. J. Dyson and P. G. Jes­sop, Catal. Sci. Tech­nol., 2016, 6, 3302–3316.
  5. J. F. Haw, T. Xu, J. B. Nicholas and P. W. Goguen, Nature, 1997, 389, 832–835.
  6. F. Zaera, Chem. Rev., 2012, 112, 2920–2986.
  7. H. Shi, J. Lercher and X.-Y. Yu, Catal. Sci. Tech­nol., 2015, 5, 3035–3060.
  8. N. Gould and B. Xu, Chem. Sci., 2018, 9, 281–287.
  9. N. S. Gould and B. Xu, J. Catal., 2017, accept­ed.

Novel catalyst architectures for automotive emission control

Meeting Program — April 2018

Johannes W. Schwank
Johannes W. Schwank
James and Judith Street Pro­fes­sor of Chem­i­cal Engi­neer­ing
Depart­ment of Chem­i­cal Engi­neer­ing
Uni­ver­si­ty of Michi­gan
Ann Arbor, Michi­gan

 

Abstract — Two nov­el auto­mo­tive emis­sion con­trol cat­a­lyst archi­tec­tures will be dis­cussed, name­ly core@shell struc­tures for low-tem­per­a­ture three-way cat­a­lysts, and cobalt-based nanorod struc­tures for diesel oxi­da­tion cat­a­lysts that min­i­mize expen­sive plat­inum-group met­als.

Encap­su­lat­ing an active met­al core such as pal­la­di­um in a porous oxide shell mate­r­i­al can lead to improved cat­alyt­ic activ­i­ty, selec­tiv­i­ty, and ther­mal sta­bil­i­ty com­pared to con­ven­tion­al sup­port­ed cat­a­lysts. Main­tain­ing high dis­per­sion of pal­la­di­um is crit­i­cal for Pd-based auto­mo­tive emis­sion con­trol cat­a­lysts, which suf­fer from deac­ti­va­tion due to sin­ter­ing at high tem­per­a­tures (≥ 800 °C). Here, we report direct evi­dence that Pd nanopar­ti­cles (~4 nm) can redis­perse into small nan­oclus­ters after aging at 800 °C, where severe Pd sin­ter­ing would be expect­ed on sup­port­ed Pd cat­a­lysts. The Pd redis­per­sion was con­firmed by in situ, as well as ex situ, high-res­o­lu­tion trans­mis­sion elec­tron microscopy, and is man­i­fest­ed by the decreased CO light-off tem­per­a­ture. These nov­el core@shell struc­tures exhib­it­ed remark­able ther­mal sta­bil­i­ty, main­tain­ing the par­ti­cle size and pore struc­ture at very high tem­per­a­tures (800–900 °C), close to those one may encounter in three-way auto­mo­tive emis­sion con­trol appli­ca­tions.

Co3O4-In2O3 bina­ry oxide nanorods offer a path­way for low-cost, effi­cient diesel emis­sion con­trol sys­tems. The cat­alyt­ic tests results showed that the cat­a­lysts were high­ly active for CO and propene oxi­da­tion, with low tem­per­a­ture light-off curves. The activ­i­ty and sta­bil­i­ty of these cobalt oxide cat­a­lysts were com­pa­ra­ble to plat­inum-based cat­a­lysts, indi­cat­ing that they could be a poten­tial sub­sti­tute for plat­inum-based cat­a­lysts for diesel emis­sion con­trol.

Biog­ra­phy — Johannes Schwank holds a Ph. D. degree in Phys­i­cal Chem­istry from Inns­bruck Uni­ver­si­ty in Aus­tria. He joined the fac­ul­ty at the Uni­ver­si­ty of Michi­gan in 1980 where he rose through the ranks and became Full Pro­fes­sor of Chem­i­cal Engi­neer­ing in 1990. He served as Chair­man of the Chem­i­cal Engi­neer­ing Depart­ment from 1990 – 1995, as Inter­im Direc­tor of the Uni­ver­si­ty of Michi­gan Ener­gy Insti­tute 2011/2012, and as Direc­tor of EMAL (Elec­tron Microbeam Analy­sis Lab­o­ra­to­ry), a cam­pus-wide user facil­i­ty 2013–2015. He is the hold­er of the James and Judith Street Chair in Chem­i­cal Engi­neer­ing and the Direc­tor of REFRESCH, an inter­dis­ci­pli­nary project that deals with food, ener­gy, and water secu­ri­ty in resource–constrained envi­ron­ments.

He serves on mul­ti­ple edi­to­r­i­al boards and indus­tri­al and aca­d­e­m­ic advi­so­ry boards. He has co-found­ed a suc­cess­ful start-up com­pa­ny, Aker­vall Tech­nolo­gies. He is the author of more than 200 ref­er­eed pub­li­ca­tions, and holds 15 patents. His research group is work­ing on a wide range of top­ics, includ­ing nanos­truc­tured mate­ri­als for catal­y­sis, ener­gy stor­age, and gas sens­ing appli­ca­tions; syn­thet­ic fuels; bio­mass con­ver­sion; hydro­gen pro­duc­tion; sol­id oxide fuel cells; auto­mo­tive emis­sion con­trol cat­a­lysts; pho­to­catal­y­sis; and nov­el cat­a­lyst syn­the­sis and char­ac­ter­i­za­tion meth­ods.

Morphological Instability in Topologically Complex, Three-Dimensional Electrocatalytic Nanostructures

Meeting Program — March 2018

Yawei Li — Stu­dent Speak­er

Advi­sor: Joshua Sny­der
Depart­ment of Chem­i­cal and Bio­log­i­cal Engi­neer­ing
Drex­el Uni­ver­si­ty, Philadel­phia, Penn­syl­va­nia 19104
 

Abstract — Deal­loy­ing has shown increas­ing util­i­ty in the field of elec­tro­catal­y­sis as a tool for the syn­the­sis and devel­op­ment of nanoporous mate­ri­als pos­sess­ing high sur­face-to-vol­ume ratios with con­trolled mor­phol­o­gy and com­po­si­tion­al gra­di­ent (core-shell struc­ture). After elec­tro­chem­i­cal deal­loy­ing, the open, bicon­tin­u­ous, three-dimen­sion­al nanoporous nanopar­ti­cle elec­tro­cat­a­lysts exhib­it dra­mat­i­cal­ly enhanced elec­tro­cat­alyt­ic prop­er­ties.

In the devel­op­ment of effi­cient elec­tro­cat­a­lysts for oxy­gen reduc­tion reac­tion (ORR), dura­bil­i­ty is too often ignored in the pur­suit of high­er activ­i­ties. For 3-dimen­sion­al, nanoporous mate­ri­als, in addi­tion to the stan­dard mech­a­nisms of elec­tro­cat­a­lyst degra­da­tion includ­ing Pt dissolution/Ostwald ripen­ing and coalescence/aggregation, new modes of mor­pho­log­i­cal and com­po­si­tion­al evo­lu­tion must be con­sid­ered. Here we use a com­bi­na­tion of in-situ and ex-situ exper­i­men­tal tech­niques to devel­op insight into the struc­tur­al and com­po­si­tion­al evo­lu­tion of nanoporous PtNi nanopar­ti­cles (np-NiPt) formed through the deal­loy­ing of Pt 20 Ni 80 pre­cur­sor nanopar­ti­cles. We demon­strate that sur­face-dif­fu­sion facil­i­tat­ed coars­en­ing, dri­ven by the ten­den­cy to reduce the over­all sur­face free ener­gy of the sys­tem, is the dom­i­nant mech­a­nism of elec­tro­chem­i­cal active sur­face area (ECSA) loss, con­se­quent­ly result­ing in a decrease in activ­i­ty.

With a bet­ter under­stand­ing of the inter­play between nanoporous struc­ture coars­en­ing and tran­si­tion met­al loss, we have devel­oped strat­e­gy to mit­i­gate coars­en­ing and improve oper­a­tional cat­a­lyst sta­bil­i­ty by imped­ing step edge move­ment through the use of for­eign adsor­bates on the
sur­face. We show that par­tial mono­lay­er dec­o­ra­tion of np-NiPt with Ir, pos­sess­ing a sig­nif­i­cant­ly low­er rate of sur­face dif­fu­sion than Pt, acts to pin step edges and results in sig­nif­i­cant enhance­ment in cat­a­lyst dura­bil­i­ty as mea­sured by ECSA and ORR activ­i­ty reten­tion. With this strat­e­gy we will show how more detailed insight into the atom­ic process­es that gov­ern elec­tro­cat­alyt­ic mate­r­i­al insta­bil­i­ty can begin to break the inverse cor­re­la­tion between activ­i­ty and dura­bil­i­ty.